Behavioral Variation in Gorillas: Evidence of Potential Cultural Traits
Identifieur interne : 002307 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 002306; suivant : 002308Behavioral Variation in Gorillas: Evidence of Potential Cultural Traits
Auteurs : Martha M. Robbins [Allemagne] ; Chieko Ando [Japon] ; Katherine A. Fawcett [États-Unis] ; Cyril C. Grueter [Allemagne, Australie] ; Daniela Hedwig [Allemagne] ; Yuji Iwata [Japon] ; Jessica L. Lodwick [États-Unis] ; Shelly Masi [France] ; Roberta Salmi [États-Unis] ; Tara S. Stoinski [États-Unis] ; Angelique Todd [République centrafricaine] ; Veronica Vercellio [États-Unis] ; Juichi Yamagiwa [Japon]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- génétique : Gorilla gorilla.
- physiologie : Comportement alimentaire, Gorilla gorilla.
- Afrique, Animaux, Comportement social, Culture (sociologie), Femelle, Pan troglodytes, Phénotype, Pongo, Pongo pygmaeus, Relations interpersonnelles, Écologie.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- genetics : Gorilla gorilla.
- physiology : Feeding Behavior, Gorilla gorilla.
- Africa, Animals, Culture, Ecology, Female, Interpersonal Relations, Pan troglodytes, Phenotype, Pongo, Pongo pygmaeus, Social Behavior.
Abstract
The question of whether any species except humans exhibits culture has generated much debate, partially due to the difficulty of providing conclusive evidence from observational studies in the wild. A starting point for demonstrating the existence of culture that has been used for many species including chimpanzees and orangutans is to show that there is geographic variation in the occurrence of particular behavioral traits inferred to be a result of social learning and not ecological or genetic influences. Gorillas live in a wide variety of habitats across Africa and they exhibit flexibility in diet, behavior, and social structure. Here we apply the ‘method of exclusion’ to look for the presence/absence of behaviors that could be considered potential cultural traits in well-habituated groups from five study sites of the two species of gorillas. Of the 41 behaviors considered, 23 met the criteria of potential cultural traits, of which one was foraging related, nine were environment related, seven involved social interactions, five were gestures, and one was communication related. There was a strong positive correlation between behavioral dissimilarity and geographic distance among gorilla study sites. Roughly half of all variation in potential cultural traits was intraspecific differences (i.e. variability among sites within a species) and the other 50% of potential cultural traits were differences between western and eastern gorillas. Further research is needed to investigate if the occurrence of these traits is influenced by social learning. These findings emphasize the importance of investigating cultural traits in African apes and other species to shed light on the origin of human culture.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160483
PubMed: 27603668
PubMed Central: 5014408
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, France, Japon, République centrafricaine, États-Unis
- District de Leipzig, Géorgie (États-Unis), Région du Kansai, Saxe (Land), État de New York, Île-de-France
- Kyoto, Leipzig, Paris
- Université de Kyoto
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Le document en format XML
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Robbins</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region><settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ando, Chieko" sort="Ando, Chieko" uniqKey="Ando C" first="Chieko" last="Ando">Chieko Ando</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Kyoto Prefectural University, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Kyoto Prefectural University, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kyoto</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fawcett, Katherine A" sort="Fawcett, Katherine A" uniqKey="Fawcett K" first="Katherine A." last="Fawcett">Katherine A. Fawcett</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grueter, Cyril C" sort="Grueter, Cyril C" uniqKey="Grueter C" first="Cyril C." last="Grueter">Cyril C. Grueter</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region><settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>WA 6009</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hedwig, Daniela" sort="Hedwig, Daniela" uniqKey="Hedwig D" first="Daniela" last="Hedwig">Daniela Hedwig</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region><settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iwata, Yuji" sort="Iwata, Yuji" uniqKey="Iwata Y" first="Yuji" last="Iwata">Yuji Iwata</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Kyoto Prefectural University, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Kyoto Prefectural University, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kyoto</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lodwick, Jessica L" sort="Lodwick, Jessica L" uniqKey="Lodwick J" first="Jessica L." last="Lodwick">Jessica L. Lodwick</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masi, Shelly" sort="Masi, Shelly" uniqKey="Masi S" first="Shelly" last="Masi">Shelly Masi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Muséum National d¹Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l’Homme, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), University Paris Diderot (Paris 7) Éco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Muséum National d¹Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l’Homme, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), University Paris Diderot (Paris 7) Éco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salmi, Roberta" sort="Salmi, Roberta" uniqKey="Salmi R" first="Roberta" last="Salmi">Roberta Salmi</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoinski, Tara S" sort="Stoinski, Tara S" uniqKey="Stoinski T" first="Tara S." last="Stoinski">Tara S. Stoinski</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Todd, Angelique" sort="Todd, Angelique" uniqKey="Todd A" first="Angelique" last="Todd">Angelique Todd</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>World Wildlife Fund-CAR, Bangui, Central African Republic</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République centrafricaine</country><wicri:regionArea>World Wildlife Fund-CAR, Bangui</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangui</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vercellio, Veronica" sort="Vercellio, Veronica" uniqKey="Vercellio V" first="Veronica" last="Vercellio">Veronica Vercellio</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamagiwa, Juichi" sort="Yamagiwa, Juichi" uniqKey="Yamagiwa J" first="Juichi" last="Yamagiwa">Juichi Yamagiwa</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Kyoto University, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyoto, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Kyoto University, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyoto</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Kyoto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Kyoto</settlement><region type="prefecture">Région du Kansai</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa</term><term>Animals</term><term>Culture</term><term>Ecology</term><term>Feeding Behavior (physiology)</term><term>Female</term><term>Gorilla gorilla (genetics)</term><term>Gorilla gorilla (physiology)</term><term>Interpersonal Relations</term><term>Pan troglodytes</term><term>Phenotype</term><term>Pongo</term><term>Pongo pygmaeus</term><term>Social Behavior</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Afrique</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Comportement alimentaire (physiologie)</term><term>Comportement social</term><term>Culture (sociologie)</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Gorilla gorilla (génétique)</term><term>Gorilla gorilla (physiologie)</term><term>Pan troglodytes</term><term>Phénotype</term><term>Pongo</term><term>Pongo pygmaeus</term><term>Relations interpersonnelles</term><term>Écologie</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Gorilla gorilla</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Gorilla gorilla</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Comportement alimentaire</term><term>Gorilla gorilla</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Feeding Behavior</term><term>Gorilla gorilla</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa</term><term>Animals</term><term>Culture</term><term>Ecology</term><term>Female</term><term>Interpersonal Relations</term><term>Pan troglodytes</term><term>Phenotype</term><term>Pongo</term><term>Pongo pygmaeus</term><term>Social Behavior</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Afrique</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Comportement social</term><term>Culture (sociologie)</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Pan troglodytes</term><term>Phénotype</term><term>Pongo</term><term>Pongo pygmaeus</term><term>Relations interpersonnelles</term><term>Écologie</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The question of whether any species except humans exhibits culture has generated much debate, partially due to the difficulty of providing conclusive evidence from observational studies in the wild. A starting point for demonstrating the existence of culture that has been used for many species including chimpanzees and orangutans is to show that there is geographic variation in the occurrence of particular behavioral traits inferred to be a result of social learning and not ecological or genetic influences. Gorillas live in a wide variety of habitats across Africa and they exhibit flexibility in diet, behavior, and social structure. Here we apply the ‘method of exclusion’ to look for the presence/absence of behaviors that could be considered potential cultural traits in well-habituated groups from five study sites of the two species of gorillas. Of the 41 behaviors considered, 23 met the criteria of potential cultural traits, of which one was foraging related, nine were environment related, seven involved social interactions, five were gestures, and one was communication related. There was a strong positive correlation between behavioral dissimilarity and geographic distance among gorilla study sites. Roughly half of all variation in potential cultural traits was intraspecific differences (i.e. variability among sites within a species) and the other 50% of potential cultural traits were differences between western and eastern gorillas. Further research is needed to investigate if the occurrence of these traits is influenced by social learning. These findings emphasize the importance of investigating cultural traits in African apes and other species to shed light on the origin of human culture.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Laland, Kn" uniqKey="Laland K">KN Laland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoppitt, W" uniqKey="Hoppitt W">W Hoppitt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Laland, Kn" uniqKey="Laland K">KN Laland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janik, Vm" uniqKey="Janik V">VM Janik</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boesch, C" uniqKey="Boesch C">C Boesch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dean, Lg" uniqKey="Dean L">LG Dean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vale, Gl" uniqKey="Vale G">GL Vale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laland, Kn" uniqKey="Laland K">KN 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Burkart</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>France</li><li>Japon</li><li>République centrafricaine</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>District de Leipzig</li><li>Géorgie (États-Unis)</li><li>Région du Kansai</li><li>Saxe (Land)</li><li>État de New York</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Kyoto</li><li>Leipzig</li><li>Paris</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Kyoto</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Saxe (Land)"><name sortKey="Robbins, Martha M" sort="Robbins, Martha M" uniqKey="Robbins M" first="Martha M." last="Robbins">Martha M. Robbins</name></region><name sortKey="Grueter, Cyril C" sort="Grueter, Cyril C" uniqKey="Grueter C" first="Cyril C." last="Grueter">Cyril C. Grueter</name><name sortKey="Hedwig, Daniela" sort="Hedwig, Daniela" uniqKey="Hedwig D" first="Daniela" last="Hedwig">Daniela Hedwig</name></country><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ando, Chieko" sort="Ando, Chieko" uniqKey="Ando C" first="Chieko" last="Ando">Chieko Ando</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Iwata, Yuji" sort="Iwata, Yuji" uniqKey="Iwata Y" first="Yuji" last="Iwata">Yuji Iwata</name><name sortKey="Yamagiwa, Juichi" sort="Yamagiwa, Juichi" uniqKey="Yamagiwa J" first="Juichi" last="Yamagiwa">Juichi Yamagiwa</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Géorgie (États-Unis)"><name sortKey="Fawcett, Katherine A" sort="Fawcett, Katherine A" uniqKey="Fawcett K" first="Katherine A." last="Fawcett">Katherine A. Fawcett</name></region><name sortKey="Lodwick, Jessica L" sort="Lodwick, Jessica L" uniqKey="Lodwick J" first="Jessica L." last="Lodwick">Jessica L. Lodwick</name><name sortKey="Salmi, Roberta" sort="Salmi, Roberta" uniqKey="Salmi R" first="Roberta" last="Salmi">Roberta Salmi</name><name sortKey="Stoinski, Tara S" sort="Stoinski, Tara S" uniqKey="Stoinski T" first="Tara S." last="Stoinski">Tara S. Stoinski</name><name sortKey="Vercellio, Veronica" sort="Vercellio, Veronica" uniqKey="Vercellio V" first="Veronica" last="Vercellio">Veronica Vercellio</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Grueter, Cyril C" sort="Grueter, Cyril C" uniqKey="Grueter C" first="Cyril C." last="Grueter">Cyril C. Grueter</name></noRegion></country><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Masi, Shelly" sort="Masi, Shelly" uniqKey="Masi S" first="Shelly" last="Masi">Shelly Masi</name></region></country><country name="République centrafricaine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Todd, Angelique" sort="Todd, Angelique" uniqKey="Todd A" first="Angelique" last="Todd">Angelique Todd</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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